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008			261008t20262026my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d
020			_aTHE0010837 (Local) _qHardback
040			_aUMPSA _beng _cUMPSA _erda
090			_aFTKKP .A98 2026 r Thesis
100	0		_aNor Azura Che Mahmud, _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aDevelopment of polyethersulfone/cellulose nanocrystal/multi-walled carbon nanotubes membrane for humic acid removal / _cNor Azura Che Mahmud
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _bUMPSA, _c2026
264		4	_c© 2026
300			_axvi, 145 pages : _billustration ; _c30 cm.+ _e1 CD-ROM
336			_2rdacontent _atext
337			_2rdamedia _aunmediated
338			_2rdacarrier _avolume
347			_2rda _atext file _bPDF
500			_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology
502			_aThesis (Doctor of Philosophy) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al Sultan Abdullah - 2026
504			_aInclude bibliographical reference
520	3		_aHumic acid (HA) is a naturally occuring organic constituent that can promote the complexation, mobility, and transformation of metal ions and other contaminants in aquatic systems, potentially increasing human health risks. Accordingly, effective reduction of HA in treated water is essential to safeguard water quality and public health. Nanocomposite membranes are effective for HA removal, yet most studies have been limited to single nanofiller systems. This work reports the first polyethersulfone (PES) membrane incorporating dual nanofillers, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to synergistically enhance HA removal performance. Flat sheet PES membranes were first synthesized to evaluate the effects of individual and combined nanoparticles. The best flat sheet membrane composition was found to be 17 wt.% PES, 0.3 wt.% CNC, and 0.03 wt.% MWCNT. This formulation produced a hydrophilic surface with a contact angle of 60.14° and 58.98% of porosity. It achieved a water flux of 17.81 LMH, the highest HA removal efficiency of 93.05%, and an FRR of 92.09%. Developing on the flat sheet membrane formulation, hollow fiber (HF) membranes were fabricated under various parameters, including air gap length, dope extrusion rate (DER), and water coagulation bath (WCB) temperature. These HF membranes were tested under different pH conditions and HA concentrations to assess their removal capability. The best-performing HF membrane, prepared with an air gap of 9 cm, a DER of 20 mL/min, and a WCB temperature of 30°C, delivered a water flux of 18.88 LMH, an HA rejection rate of 97.3%, and an FRR of 98.98%. In conclusion, the performance of this newly formulated nanocomposite membrane is comparable to existing membrane technologies and demonstrates strong potential for translation into industrial-scale water treatment applications.
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aTheses _xDissertations
942			_2lcc _cTHESIS
999			_c105700 _d105706