000			04457ntm a2200373 i 4500
001			vtls000103160
003			KUKTEM
005			20251117113351.0
008			180326s2018 my da f am 000 0 eng d
020			_aTHE0001022(Local)
039		9	_a201905241100 _bnazirah _y201803260920 _zsaini
040			_aUMP _beng _cUMP _erda
090			_aFKKSA .S93 2018 r Thesis
100	0		_aSyafiqah Amira Khairuddin, _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aSynthesis and characterization of zeolites from palm oil fuel ash (POFA) by ultrasonic assisted hydrothermal approach / _cSyafiqah Amira Khairuddin
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _bUMP, _c2018
264		4	_c© 2018
300			_axv, 131 pages : _billustrations (some color), charts ; _c30 cm. + _e1 CD-ROM
336			_atext _2rdacontent
336			_atext _2rdacontent
337			_aunmediated _2rdamedia
337			_acomputer _2rdamedia
338			_avolume _2rdacarrier
338			_acomputer disc _2rdacarrier
347			_atext file _bPDF _2rda
500			_aFaculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering
502			_aThesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2018
504			_aIncludes bibliographical references
520	3		_aPalm oil fuel ash (POFA), is a type of waste from palm oil mill. Its components are almost similar as those of fly ash and agro-wastes such as rice husk ash, and sugarcane bagasse ash, which is, silica and alumina. The presence of both compounds has led to the synthesis of zeolite, which is a highly useful material. Abundance of POFA in palm oil mill, lack of its application and lead to serious environmental problem became concern to minimize POFA. This research concentrated on the investigation of the synthesis of zeolites from POFA by using ultrasonic assisted hydrothermal method. The present study was conducted in various conditions using several KOH: POFA ratios (1:1- 5:1), ultrasound water bath temperatures (40-80 °C), ultrasound exposure times (30-150 minutes), ultrasound power levels (400-800 W) and KOH concentration levels (1-5 M). Commonly, hydrothermal and fusion techniques have been widely used in the production of zeolite. However, these techniques would require high energy consumption, making them less economical and time-consuming because zeolite production may take several days. The effect of the five parameters were investigated on the synthesized zeolites in order to achieve best conditions for pollution-free and environmenal friendly synthesis during and after the experimental process. Characterization of raw POFA and synthesized zeolites were determined by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). This was followed by the optimisation study of zeolites in combination with half factorial design and central composite design. Results showed that the optimum conditions for zeolite synthesis from POFA were KOH: POFA ratio of 2:1, ultrasonic water bath temperature at 80 °C, ultrasonic exposure time of 150 minutes and KOH concentration level at 1 M which eventually produced zeolites with high silica per alumina ratio (10.60) that fulfilled zeolite standard range of silica per alumina (2-10). Based on the optimum conditions, XRD results indicated the phases of zeolite synthesized matched those of zeolites A, P and X. FTIR spectra detected the presence of functional groups that were common for zeolites. Silica per alumina ratio for the optimum conditions which is 10.60, indicated the hydrophobic adsorbent property of the synthesized zeolite. As shown by SEM, the surface was comparable to that of zeolites A, P and X. It has been evident from past studies that zeolite A, P and X have been commonly used as adsorbent. Thus, it can be said that the present study has successfully achieved the optimum synthesis condition that would be able to produce high silica per alumina zeolite with adsorbent property. To improve the quality of zeolites, separation of crude zeolites as well as development of other methods and process parameters should be given consideration.
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDisertations
650		0	_aTheses
999			_aVIRTUA40 _c7462 _d7468
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