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008			191105t20192019my a|||fram|| 000 0 eng d
020			_aTHE0008187(Local) _qhardback
040			_aUMP _beng _cUMP _erda
090			_aFIST .N39 2019 r Thesis
100	0		_aNazratul Zaheera Abdul Kapor, _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aEsterification of palm fatty acid distillate using sulfate based catalysts / _cNazratul Zaheera Abdul Kapor
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _bUMP, _c2019
264		4	_c© 2019
300			_axi, 79 pages : _billustrations (some color) ; _c30 cm. + _e1 CD-ROM
336			_atext _2rdacontent
336			_atext _2rdacontent
337			_aunmediated _2rdamedia
337			_acomputer _2rdamedia
338			_avolume _2rdacarrier
338			_acomputer disc _2rdacarrier
347			_atext file _bPDF _2rda
500			_aFaculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology
502			_aThesis (Master of Science) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2019
504			_aIncludes bibliographical references
520	3		_aResearch on biodiesel is worth to be explored persistently as a promising solution for depletion of fossil fuel and to counter the escalation of environmental disruptions. This study focuses on the production of biodiesel by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using sulfuric acid and three types of sulfated metal oxides, SO42-/Fe2O3, SO42-/Al2O3 and sulfated deoiled spent bleaching clay (SO42-/DSBC). PFAD is by-product from palm oil refinery, containing high amount of free fatty acid. Characterisation test found that PFAD used in this study had acid value of 164.52 mgKOH/g, saponification value of 167.4 mgKOH/g, iodine value of 52.3 g I2/100g and moisture content of 0.26%. All three solid catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation using sulfuric acid via ultrasonic method. Ultrasonic method is chosen as it had been proven to aid in catalyst preparation and produce better performing catalyst compared to the conventional preparation. All the catalysts were characterised using FESEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR, Hammett indicators, TGA and BET. All the catalysts have acidity in the range of 1.8<pH<3.0. Among the catalysts, highest pore volume and surface area was recorded by SO42-/DSBC. Highest conversion obtained from among the heterogenous catalyst was SO42-/Fe2O3 with 87.81% methyl ester content at 90 °C, 5 h, 12:1 methanol to PFAD molar ratio and 7 wt% catalyst amount. Even with catalyst leaching, a conversion of 76.02% is achieved at fourth cycle of reusability. As for SO42-/DSBC, highest methyl ester obtained was 74.55% (at 110°C, 5 h, 12:1 methanol to PFAD molar ratio and 5 wt% catalyst amount) with fourth reusability gave 55.43% conversion, while SO42-/Al2O3 produced 67.81% methyl ester (at 110 °C, 9 h, 12:1 methanol to PFAD molar ratio and 7 wt% catalyst amount).
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aTheses
942			_2lcc _cTHESIS