000			04104nam a2200349 i 4500
999			_c96568 _d96574
003			MY-KuUP
005			20251125110002.0
006			a||||fr|||| 001 0
007			ta
008			220405t20212021my a|||fram|| 001 0 eng d
020			_aTHE0009283(Local)
040			_aUMP _beng _cUMP _erda
090			_aKK .F37 2021 r Thesis
100	1		_aNurul Farhana Abu Kasim, _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aSynthesis of graphene by pullulanassisted exfoliation of graphite using ultrasonic bath / _cNurul Farhana Abu Kasim
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _bUMP, _c2021
264		4	_a© 2021
300			_axiii, 107 pages : _billustrations (some color) ; _c30 cm. + _e1 CD ROM
336			_atext _2rdacontent
337			_aunmediated _2rdamedia
338			_avolume _2rdacarrier
347			_atext file _bPDF _2rda
500			_aCollege of Engineering
502			_aThesis (Master of Science) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2021
504			_aIncludes bibliographical references
520	3		_aGraphene is the carbon basis for all graphitic dimensionalities like graphite, carbon nanotube (CNT), fullerene, and others. Interestingly, graphene can be exfoliated from graphite using a suitable solvent that acts as an exfoliating medium. Since most of the organic solvents used in the graphene synthesis like N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and Dimethylformamide are toxic and carcinogenic, an environment-friendly solvent was used to counter the problem. Previously, polysaccharides such as Arabic gum, chitosan, and sodium alginate were employed as solvents to produce graphene. However, the majority of these polysaccharides have high viscosity, which makes graphite exfoliation and washing process difficult. Therefore in this thesis, a lower viscosity polysaccharide which is pullulan was selected as a green dispersant in assisting the exfoliation of graphite in order to produce graphene under ultrasonic bath conditions. The chemical properties of pullulan-based graphene (graphene) was confirmed by utilizing Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-Ray Photon Spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Meanwhile, Raman Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to study the structural analysis of graphene. From the UV-vis tested, the result proved the presence of graphene at a wavelength of 269nm. The XPS also reveals high carbon content with a value of 4.7 carbon to oxygen ratio (C:O). As expected, from the FTIR analysis, the existence of C=C and –OH peaks in the graphene was observed after the exfoliating process. Notably, a small defect intensity (ID/IG) of graphene was obtained from Raman Spectroscopy. The lateral size and thickness of the exfoliated graphene were measured by TEM and AFM at the range of 201 - 300 nm and ~2 nm (5 layers) respectively. To study the optimum condition to produce a high yield of graphene, the effect of processing parameters such as duration of sonication, pullulan, and initial mass of graphite were taken into account. The graphene was then enforced as a sensing element for graphene photo paper to demonstrate the use of graphene. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of the graphene photo paper. In order to get the mechanical and electrical properties of the graphene photo paper, tensile tests and multimeter have been utilized accordingly. The reinforcement of graphene in photo paper enhanced the tensile strength up to 21%. Impressively, the electrical performance of the graphene photo paper with 140gauge factor (GF) implies that the pullulan-based graphene could be applied as an electrically conductive ink. Overall, this work would represent the simplest, most environmentally friendly and most efficient strategy for the toxic-free graphene preparation and the development of photo paper for graphene-based strain sensor.
610	2	0	_aCollege of Engineering _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aTheses
942			_2lcc _cTHESIS