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020			_aTHE0009328(Local)
040			_aUMP _beng _cUMP _erda
090			_aKK .H39 2021 r Thesis
100	0		_aHazman Abu Hassan, _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aEngine performance and emissions analysis of emulsified fuel of different blend ratios / _cHazman Abu Hassan
264		1	_aKuantan, Pahang : _bUMP, _c2021
264		4	_a© 2021
300			_axxiv, 191 pages : _billustrations (some color) ; _c30 cm. + _e1 CD ROM
336			_atext _2rdacontent
337			_aunmediated _2rdamedia
338			_avolume _2rdacarrier
347			_atext file _bPDF _2rda
500			_aCollege of Engineering
502			_aThesis (Doctor of Philosophy) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2021
504			_aIncludes bibliographical references
520	3		_aDiesel engines are widely used because of their fuel efficiency in producing a higher mechanical energy ratio compared to gasoline engines. However, the main drawback is the release of harmful gases like and particulate matter which have a negative impact on both human beings and the environment. Studies have shown that long-term exposure to high levels of these particulates and toxic gases affects the heart and lungs. Biodiesel on the other hand, has the advantage of being sulfur-free, which reduces the emission of smoke and particulate matters but unfortunately increases emissions. Meanwhile, emulsion fuel is found to lower the temperature of the cylinder during combustion and thus, reduce the release of gas. For this purpose, several research methods were arranged, including the compilation of literature data on engine performance and emission sources, preparation of materials and equipment, and preparation of different types of fuel, as well as engine experimental setups in order to establish comparisons between various studies. The analysis of this collected data suggested divergent responses to performance, emission and PM exposure that resulted from the different types of fuel (diesel, biodiesel blend and emulsion fuels). The alternative tested fuel types were B5M10, B10M10, B5M10E3, B10M10E3 where B stands for (biodiesel), M (methanol), E (emulsion fuel) and the number stands for (ratio). The 5% biodiesel ratio was chosen since gas stations use that ratio while biodiesel itself contains oxygen which can help to complete the combustion. In the meantime, the new ratio of 10% biodiesel and 10% methanol was chosen to help improve the mix between the biodiesel and diesel as methanol has a higher cetane number. The ratio of 3% water in the emulsion fuel helps cool down the engine cylinder, resulting in a proper temperature level for combustion and thereby reducing emissions. Experimental characterization of the fuel properties is performed on biodiesel blends and emulsion fuel in compliance with ASTM D7467 fuel standard. The results of the study found that from these four types of alternative fuels, B10M10E3 fuels have improved properties, as evidenced by a higher cetane number, lower boiling point and slightly higher calorific values compared to diesel. The application of biodiesel blend fuels showed a better engine performance and reduction in harmful gases compared to diesel but at the same time, there is an increase in emissions. Micro-explosion phenomenon on emulsion fuel with latent heat of vaporation is found to reduce emissions, while a higher cetane number shorten ignition delay and increase combustion performance. The B10M10E3 also proved to produce the lowest PM concentration compared to the other fuels tested. Lower element concentrations of particulate matter morphology are found in emulsion fuel compared to diesel and biodiesel blends where the element content are Ca, Na and Si, and the diameter is 3 μm to 7 μm. B5M10E3 produces lower emission results than B10M10E3 due to the lower biodiesel ratio which decreases the combustion temperature. The competition to produce high-performance and environmentally friendly fuels has made emulsion fuel and biodiesel renewable fuels believed to be new alternative fuels that emit very little particles into the atmosphere.
610	2	0	_aCollege of Engineering _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aTheses
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