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020			_aTHE0009417 (Local) _qhardback
040			_aUMP _beng _cUMP _erda
090			_aFTKEE.S934 2021 r Thesis
100	1		_aWan Syahirah W. Samsudin, _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aSeverity scoring approach using modified optical flow method and lesion identification for facial nerve paralysis assessment / _cWan Syahirah W. Samsudin
264		1	_aPahang : _bUMP, _c2021
264		4	_c© 2021
300			_axv, 182 pages : _bIllustration ; _c30 cm. + _e1 CD-ROM
336			_atext _2rdacontent
336			_atext _2rdacontent
337			_aunmediated _2rdamedia
337			_acomputer _2rdamedia
338			_avolume _2rdacarrier
338			_acomputer disc _2rdacarrier
347			_atext file _bPDF _2rda
500			_aFaculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering Technology
502			_aThesis (Doctor of Philosophy) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2021
504			_aIncludes bibliographical reference
520	3		_aThe facial nerve controls facial movement and expression. Hence, a patient with facial nerve paralysis will experience affected social interactions, psychological distress, and low self-esteem. Upon the first presentation, it is crucial to determine the severity level of the paralysis and take out the possibility of stroke or any other serious causes by recognising the type of lesion in preventing any mistreatment of the patient. Clinically, the facial nerve is assessed subjectively by observing voluntary facial movement and assigning a score based on the deductions made by the clinician. However, the results are not uniform among different examiners evaluating the same patients. This is extremely undesirable for both medical diagnostic and treatment considerations. Acknowledging the importance of this assessment, this research was conducted to develop a facial nerve assessment that can classify both the severity level of facial nerve function and also the types of facial lesion, Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) and Lower Motor Neuron (LMN), in facial regional assessment and lesion assessment, respectively. For regional assessment, two optical flow techniques, Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi (KLT) and Horn-Schunck (HS) were used in this study to determine the local and global motion information of facial features. Nevertheless, there is a problem with the original KLT which is the inability of the Eigen features to distinguish the normal and patient subjects. Thus, the KLT method was modified by introducing polygonal measurements and the landmarks were placed on each facial region. Similar to the HS method, the multiple frames evaluation was proposed rather than a single frame evaluation of the original HS method to avoid the differences between frames becoming too small. The features of these modified methods, Modified Local Sparse (MLS) and Modified Global Dense (MGD), were combined, namely the Combined Modified Local-Global (CMLG), to discover both local (certain region) and global (entire image) flow features. This served as the input into the k-NN classifier to assess the performance of each of them in determining the severity level of paralysis. For the lesion assessment, the Gabor filter method was used to extract the wrinkle forehead features. Thereafter, the Gabor features combined with the previous features of CMLG, by focusing only on the forehead region to evaluate both the wrinkle and motion information of the facial features. This is because, in an LMN lesion, the patient will not be able to move the forehead symmetrically during the rising eyebrows movement and unable to wrinkle the forehead due to the damaged frontalis muscle. However, the patient with a UMN lesion exhibits the same criteria as a normal subject, where the forehead is spared and can be lifted symmetrically. The CMLG technique in regional assessment showed the best performance in distinguishing between patient and normal subjects with an accuracy of 92.26% compared to that of MLS and MGD, which were 88.38% and 90.32%, respectively. From the results, some assessment tools were developed in this study namely individual score, total score and paralysis score chart which were correlated with the House-Brackmann score and validated by a medical professional with 91.30% of accuracy. In lesion assessment, the combined features of Gabor and CMLG on the forehead region depicted a greater performance in distinguishing the UMN and LMN lesion of the patient with an accuracy of 89.03% compared to Gabor alone, which was 78.07%. In conclusion, the proposed facial nerve assessment approach consisting of both regional assessment and lesion assessment is capable of determining the level of facial paralysis severity and recognising the type of facial lesion, whether it is a UMN or LMN lesion.
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering Technology
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges
650		0	_aThesis
942			_2lcc _cTHESIS