000			04817nam a2200373 i 4500
999			_c99546 _d99552
003			MY-KuUP
005			20251125110740.0
006			a||||fr|||| 000 0
007			ta
008			230612t20232023my a|||fr|||| 000 0 eng d
020			_aTHE0009662 (Local) _qHardback
040			_aUMP _beng _cUMP _erda
090			_aFTKKP .Y44 2023 r Thesis
100	1		_aLim Yee Peng, _eauthor.
245	1	0	_aCharacterization of encapsulated bioactive compound extracted from phaleria macrocarpa by using ultrasonic assisted extraction / _cLim Yee Peng
264		1	_aPahang : _bUMP, _c2023
264		3	_c©2023
300			_axxiii, 234 pages : _bIllustration ; _c30 cm.+ _e1 CD-ROM
336			_2rdacontent _atext
336			_2rdacontent _atext
337			_2rdamedia _aunmediated
337			_2rdamedia _acomputer
338			_2rdacarrier _avolume
338			_2rdacarrier _acomputer disc
347			_2rda _atext file _bPDF
500			_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology
502			_aThesis (Doctor of Philosophy) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang – 2022
504			_aIncludes bibliographical references
520	3		_aPhaleria macrocarpa is an evergreen plant with various pharmaceutical properties. Its marker compound, mangiferin was well known of its anticancer property. However, neomangiferin and isomangiferin were first time reported in P. macrocarpa extraction. Although maceration (ME) was intensively used to extract the bioactive polyphenols, ME requires lengthy extraction time and produces low bioactive compound yield. Thus, modern extraction techniques, sonication bath and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) were also applied to reduce the extraction time and increase the extraction efficiency. Moreover, the different level of auxiliary energies by each extraction technique affects the bioactive compound yield. Therefore, the first objective of this work is to investigate the effect of auxiliary energy on polyphenol extraction from P. macrocarpa fruits using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The use of high temperature during extraction and spray drying could degrade the P. macrocarpa polyphenols. Thus, the thermal stability and degradation mechanism of P. macrocarpa polyphenols is needed to be understood and hence this is another objective of this research. The microencapsulation of P. macrocarpa extract using different wall material is required to protect P. macrocarpa polyphenols from degradation during spray drying and affects the release in simulated gastro intestine condition. Thus, the last objective of this research is to microencapsulate P. macrocarpa and investigate its release profile in the digestive tract. Optimum extraction conditions of ME (80 °C for 1 hour), ultrasonic assisted extraction, UAE (60 % for 5 min) and MAE (5 W for 7 min) had auxiliary energies of 0.05, 1.31 and 1.00 W/ml. The difference in composition among extraction techniques was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA). Heat treatment of P. macrocarpa polyphenols as standards and in extract were carried out at 120 and 150 °C for 180 min to evaluate reaction rate constant (k), half-life (t1/2), activation energy (Ea), activation enthalpy (ΔH), Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and activation entropy (ΔS). Microencapsulation via spray drying was carried out with three different formulations, 10 wt.% of maltodextrin (MD), whey protein isolate (WPI) and MD:WPI (9:1). The release rate of polyphenols was evaluated by five different mathematical models, first order, Higuchi, Hixon-Crowell, Baker and Lonsdale, Korsmeyer-Peppas. The highest neomangiferin (1.71 mg/g DW) and mangiferin (28.58 mg/g DW) yield were obtained at the highest auxiliary energy using UAE. PCA provide 67% of variability, where UAE and MAE were distinguished from ME, attributed to mangiferin, isomangiferin, mahkoside A, dihydroxy methoxyxanthone-O-glucoside and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronorbellidifodin derivative of mangiferin. Neomangiferin and mangiferin obeyed second and first order kinetics respectively and rate constants of 0.0014 mol-1 min -1 and 0.0019 min -1 respectively at 120 °C. The negative ΔS (-358.78 to -19.72 J/mol.K) and positive ΔG (123.02 – 134.14 kJ/mol) values implied the degradation of polyphenols was non spontaneous. Maltodextrin encapsulated powder retained the highest neomangiferin (97.14 %) mangiferin (96.25%) and isomangiferin (99.19%) yields. The release of polyphenols from MD obeyed Korsmeyer-Peppas model with Fickian diffusion. In short, the extraction conditions, thermal stability and microencapsulation of the study can be a vital guidance for supplement industry.
610	2	0	_aFaculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology _xDissertations
650		0	_aUniversities and colleges _xDissertations
650		0	_aThesis
942			_2lcc _cTHESIS