Application of deep eutectic solvent as a green solvent in extracting of phytochemicals compound in phyllanthus niruri / Sabrina Liew Pui Yee

Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology

Final Year Report (Bachelor of Applied Science of Industrial Chemistry) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025

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A study was performed to extract Phyllanthus Niruri (aerial part of leaves) by using Ultrasound-assisted Extraction (UAE) and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NaDES) as extraction solvent and to analyze phytochemical compounds found in the extract using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). NaDES were synthesized by combinations of hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA): Choline chloride and hydrogen bond donors (HBD): Lactic acid, Oxalic acid, Citric acid (II) monohydrate, L(+)-Ascorbic acid and L-(+)-Tartaric acid. Both were stirred in water bath at 80 ºC until a homogenous liquid was formed. FTIR-ATR and KBr were used to perform analysis of liquid (wavelength 700 and 4000 ��������−1 ) and solid sample (400 and 4000 ��������−1) respectively. Phyllanthus Niruri was cleaned, dried in oven and powdered in preparation of extraction. UAE was conducted for 30 minutes at 60 °C and 200 W using an ultrasonic (Branson ®) machine where 10 mL of NaDES solvent was used to extract 1.0 g of precisely weighed dry herb powder. HPLC and GC-MS analysis was conducted for qualitative and quantitative research of the NaDES extract. Results depicted the NADES-1 was the fastest to form homogenous liquid (10 min) slowest, NADES-4 (5 hr) Density of NaDES were also calculated and arranged in descending order, (NADES-3 > NADES-5 > NADES-4 > NADES-2 > NADES-1). Besides, in FTIR analysis demonstrated the characteristics wavelength of IR for synthesized NADES according to O-H Stretching, C-H Stretching, C=O Stretching, N-H Bending and C-O Stretching. The bond shifting of C=O and -OH of FTIR analysis in range of 1650-1750 ��������−1 and 3200–3500 ��������−1 demonstrated that every NADES was successfully prepared. UAE showed deeper colour of extracts upon complete extraction. HPLC analysis of extracts found potential compounds: Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin and niranthin when referred to previous studies. Finally, in GC-MS analysis, NADES-2 extracts demonstrated highest abundance achieved by butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-, dimethyl ester. Limited studies showed this compound is a naturally occurring compound. Thus, benzene, 4-ethyl-1,2-dimethoxy- from analysis of NADES-5 was selected as the most outperform analysis as this compound is widely found in plant extracts. These findings gained extra information in identification of new phytochemical compounds that has yet been explored in analysis of Phyllanthus Niruri as compared to previous studies. However, more approach has to be conducted in verification of the new compounds observe. In short, application of deep eutectic solvents in extracting phytochemical compounds found in Phyllanthus Niruri is achievable.