Investigation on hydrothermal pretreatment for high recovery of pectin oligosaccharides (pos) from banana peel hydrolysate / Nur Irdina Izzati Binti Zakaria

Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology

Final Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2024

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Fish meal, renowned for its high-quality protein content, stands as a pivotal component in fish feed and is commonly incorporated into fish feed formulations. The utilization of fermented leaves as protein sources in fish meal production is an innovative approach addressing the growing demand for sustainable and other alternative protein sources in aquaculture. This study investigates the comparison of different ratios of fermented leaves, particularly Moringa leaves and Trichanthera gigantea leaves, for fish meal production. By varying the ratios of fermented leaves in fish meals, the study determines the best ratio for feed utilization. The research methodology involves fermenting different leaves, analyzing their nutritional composition, and assessing feed utilization. The research focuses on preparing and analyzing Moringa leaves and Trichanthera gigantea leaves for fish feed development. This involves collecting, drying, and processing the leaves into powder, followed by standardizing protein content using a Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) calibration curve. The protein content before fermentation is determined through the Lowry assay. The fish feed formulation, with specific ingredient ratios, undergoes fermentation and drying. Various analyses, including protein, lipid, moisture, and ash content, are conducted on the formulated fish feed. Additionally, the study evaluates the floatability of fish pellets, offering insights into their buoyancy in aquatic environments. Sample 3 of Moringa leaves that contain 45% of leaves, 45% of rice bran, and 10% of starch, emerges as the best selection, featuring a protein content of 28.94%, lipid content at 10.37%, moisture content of 10.08%, and ash content of 7%, all within recommended ranges for comprehensive fish nutrition. This positions Sample 3 as a promising candidate for producing nutritionally enriched fish meal, reinforcing its viability for sustainable aquaculture practices. In conclusion, the comparative analysis reveals that Moringa leaves exhibit a higher protein content than Trichanthera gigantea leaves, positioning them as a more suitable option for fish meal production.…