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Investigate fermented palm kernel cake and papaya seed as protein sources for fish feed production / Nur Aqila Binti Adr

By:

Nur Aqila Binti Adr, , [author.]

Material type: Text

text

Media type:

unmediated

Carrier type:

volume

ISBN:

THE0010694 (Local)

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Dissertation note: Final Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025 Abstract: Conventionally, Fish Waste (FW) and Soybeans (SB) are always used as protein sources in fish feed production. However, the use of soybeans as a protein source affects fish growth due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors. To replace SB, other alternative protein sources can be used from waste, for example, Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) and Papaya Seed (PS). Utilizing the abundance of agricultural waste in Malaysia, such as palm kernel cake and papaya seeds, offers a sustainable alternative to replace soybean in fish feed production. The objective of this study is to formulate fish feed production using Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) and Papaya Seed (PS) in fish feed as other protein sources with different ratios to increase protein levels. Several key procedures have been employed in the formulation of fish feed, particularly the drying and grinding of PKC, PS, and FW. PKC, PS, and FW underwent a fermentation process using yeast for four days followed by formulation. The formulation will have four different ratios. For the formulation, each sample like PKC and PS will be mixed with FW. For the formulation is Sample 1 (90 % PKC/PS: 0% FW: 10% Starch), Sample 2 (60 % PKC/PS: 30% FW: 10% Starch), Sample 3 (45 % PKC/PS: 45% FW: 10% Starch) and Sample 4 (30 % PKC/PS: 60% FW: 10% Starch). Each sample was then analyzed for protein, lipid, carbohydrates, fiber, ash, and moisture to identify the most suitable ratio for fish feed formulation. The comparative study shows that sample 4 (30% palm kernel meal, 60% fish waste, 10% starch) has a greater protein, lipid, carbohydrate, fiber, ash, and moisture content compared to other samples, which makes them a better choice for inclusion in the preparation of fish meal. In conclusion, this research highlights the alternatives of using palm kernel meal, papaya seed, and fish waste as substitute protein sources in fish feed formulations that are nutritionally enhanced.

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Holdings
Item type	Current library	Call number	Status	Date due	Barcode
Final Year Report	UMPLIB GAMBANG	FTKKP .A65 2025 r Bc. (Browse shelf(Opens below))	Not for loan		T000004288

Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology

Final Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025

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Conventionally, Fish Waste (FW) and Soybeans (SB) are always used as protein sources in fish feed production. However, the use of soybeans as a protein source affects fish growth due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors. To replace SB, other alternative protein sources can be used from waste, for example, Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) and Papaya Seed (PS). Utilizing the abundance of agricultural waste in Malaysia, such as palm kernel cake and papaya seeds, offers a sustainable alternative to replace soybean in fish feed production. The objective of this study is to formulate fish feed production using Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) and Papaya Seed (PS) in fish feed as other protein sources with different ratios to increase protein levels. Several key procedures have been employed in the formulation of fish feed, particularly the drying and grinding of PKC, PS, and FW. PKC, PS, and FW underwent a fermentation process using yeast for four days followed by formulation. The formulation will have four different ratios. For the formulation, each sample like PKC and PS will be mixed with FW. For the formulation is Sample 1 (90 % PKC/PS: 0% FW: 10% Starch), Sample 2 (60 % PKC/PS: 30% FW: 10% Starch), Sample 3 (45 % PKC/PS: 45% FW: 10% Starch) and Sample 4 (30 % PKC/PS: 60% FW: 10% Starch). Each sample was then analyzed for protein, lipid, carbohydrates, fiber, ash, and moisture to identify the most suitable ratio for fish feed formulation. The comparative study shows that sample 4 (30% palm kernel meal, 60% fish waste, 10% starch) has a greater protein, lipid, carbohydrate, fiber, ash, and moisture content compared to other samples, which makes them a better choice for inclusion in the preparation of fish meal. In conclusion, this research highlights the alternatives of using palm kernel meal, papaya seed, and fish waste as substitute protein sources in fish feed formulations that are nutritionally enhanced.