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Harnessing the potential of water-in-diesel emulsions (wi/d) as a sustainable fuel / Syamin Umairah Binti Syamsudin

By:

Syamin Umairah Binti Syamsudin, , [author.]

Material type: Text

text

Media type:

unmediated

Carrier type:

volume

ISBN:

THE0010715 (Local)

Subject(s):

Dissertation note: Final Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025 Abstract: Water-in-diesel (Wi/D) has the potential to emerge as a sustainable fuel since its recognition has decreased the formation of exhaust emissions, particularly nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in diesel engines. However, the physico-chemical properties of water-in-diesel emulsion play a significant role in ensuring the stability and capability of the emulsified fuel. In this study, an experiment was conducted to formulate and optimize Water-in-Diesel (Wi/D) emulsions and to characterize the formulated Wi/D emulsions in terms of physico-chemical properties under operating speeds at 10,000 rpm in 10 minutes. The study compared the physico-chemical properties of water-in-diesel emulsions using three types of surfactants which were Span 80, Triton X-100, and UMPSA Surfactants NS-02-23. The stability, viscosity and the chemical constituents were examined as these properties could influence the sustainability or combustion efficiency such as engine combustion noise, brake power output and both ignition delay and flame propagation. Based on the result, the concentration of 1.0% was chosen for Triton -100 and 0.5% for Span 80 and UMPSA Surfactants. First, regarding the stability time taken for each type of surfactant, Triton X-100 is the most stable surfactant for water-in-diesel emulsion separation, while Span-80 and UMPSA exhibit less stability. Increased surfactant concentrations improve stability but reduce efficiency. Secondly, in FTIR result, Emulsifiers consist of hydrophilic groups like sorbitan and polyethylene glycol (PEG), with polar groups, and lipophilic groups like fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and esters, with long, nonpolar hydrocarbon chains. According to the viscosity, Triton X-100 has a higher viscosity than Span 80 and UMPSA Surfactants. Overall, these findings have contributed to the fundamental understanding of water emulsification with diesel blend and the important role of surfactants to enhance the quality of Wi/D emulsion. Keywords: Water-in-Diesel emulsions; UMPSA Surfactants; Span 80; Triton X-100; physico-chemical properties

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Holdings
Item type	Current library	Call number	Status	Date due	Barcode
Restricted Collection	UMPLIB PEKAN	FTKKP .S93 2025 r Bc. (Browse shelf(Opens below))	Not for loan		T000004309

Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology

Final Year Report (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering ) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025

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Water-in-diesel (Wi/D) has the potential to emerge as a sustainable fuel since its recognition has decreased the formation of exhaust emissions, particularly nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in diesel engines. However, the physico-chemical properties of water-in-diesel emulsion play a significant role in ensuring the stability and capability of the emulsified fuel. In this study, an experiment was conducted to formulate and optimize Water-in-Diesel (Wi/D) emulsions and to characterize the formulated Wi/D emulsions in terms of physico-chemical properties under operating speeds at 10,000 rpm in 10 minutes. The study compared the physico-chemical properties of water-in-diesel emulsions using three types of surfactants which were Span 80, Triton X-100, and UMPSA Surfactants NS-02-23. The stability, viscosity and the chemical constituents were examined as these properties could influence the sustainability or combustion efficiency such as engine combustion noise, brake power output and both ignition delay and flame propagation. Based on the result, the concentration of 1.0% was chosen for Triton -100 and 0.5% for Span 80 and UMPSA Surfactants. First, regarding the stability time taken for each type of surfactant, Triton X-100 is the most stable surfactant for water-in-diesel emulsion separation, while Span-80 and UMPSA exhibit less stability. Increased surfactant concentrations improve stability but reduce efficiency. Secondly, in FTIR result, Emulsifiers consist of hydrophilic groups like sorbitan and polyethylene glycol (PEG), with polar groups, and lipophilic groups like fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and esters, with long, nonpolar hydrocarbon chains. According to the viscosity, Triton X-100 has a higher viscosity than Span 80 and UMPSA Surfactants. Overall, these findings have contributed to the fundamental understanding of water emulsification with diesel blend and the important role of surfactants to enhance the quality of Wi/D emulsion. Keywords: Water-in-Diesel emulsions; UMPSA Surfactants; Span 80; Triton X-100; physico-chemical properties