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Fatty acids from palm biosolid for valuable fine chemicals / Usha A/p S.ramesh

By:

Usha A/p S.ramesh [author.]

Material type: Text

text

Media type:

unmediated

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volume

ISBN:

THE0010464 (Local)

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Dissertation note: Final Year Report (Bachelor of Applied Science of Industrial Chemistry) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025 Abstract: Palm biosolid, a waste from palm oil industries, has potential as a sustainable source for fatty acid (FA) extraction for valuable fine chemicals, aiming to reduce reliance on petrochemicals and promote sustainable practices. The objectives were identified functional groups in palm biosolid, extracted FA using Soxhlet extraction and analyzed the extracted FA using Gas-Chromatography-Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS). FourierTransformed-Infrared-Ray (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of carboxylic acid functional groups in FA with peaks at 1384.30 cm⁻¹ (OH bending) and 1700.49 cm⁻¹ (C=O carbonyl stretching). Soxhlet extraction was optimized using solvents of varying polarity like hexane, isopropanol, methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) and diethyl ether. The highest extraction yield achieved with isopropanol (30.12%), followed by hexane (4.94%), diethyl ether (4.00%), and MTBE (3.26%). GC-MS analysis employed both dilution and esterification methods. The dilution method identified significant FA like 9- octadecenoic acid with 7.09% for hexane, 0.34% of 7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid for isopropanol, 1.22% of C18 unsaturated isomers for MTBE and 13.38% C18 unsaturated isomers for diethyl ether. The esterification method revealed a broader range of longchain fatty acids (LCFA) and improved chromatographic resolution. Prominent detections included 1.22% for heneicosanoic and tetracosanoic acids, hexadecanoic acid (3.89%) for isopropanol and 1.29% and 12.73% C18 unsaturated isomers for MTBE and diethyl ether. The method for detecting medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) and LCFA in palm biosolid has been validated, offering an eco-friendly, cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels for FA extraction. This research validates palm biosolid's viability as sustainable feedstock, minimizing environmental impact while enhancing industrial value and promoting global sustainability in palm oil production.

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Holdings
Item type	Current library	Call number	Status	Date due	Barcode
Final Year Report	UMPLIB GAMBANG	FIST .U84 2025 r Bc. (Browse shelf(Opens below))	Not for loan		T000003735

Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology

Final Year Report (Bachelor of Applied Science of Industrial Chemistry) -- Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah - 2025

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Palm biosolid, a waste from palm oil industries, has potential as a sustainable source for fatty acid (FA) extraction for valuable fine chemicals, aiming to reduce reliance on petrochemicals and promote sustainable practices. The objectives were identified functional groups in palm biosolid, extracted FA using Soxhlet extraction and analyzed the extracted FA using Gas-Chromatography-Mass-Spectrometry (GC-MS). FourierTransformed-Infrared-Ray (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of carboxylic acid functional groups in FA with peaks at 1384.30 cm⁻¹ (OH bending) and 1700.49 cm⁻¹ (C=O carbonyl stretching). Soxhlet extraction was optimized using solvents of varying polarity like hexane, isopropanol, methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) and diethyl ether. The highest extraction yield achieved with isopropanol (30.12%), followed by hexane (4.94%), diethyl ether (4.00%), and MTBE (3.26%). GC-MS analysis employed both dilution and esterification methods. The dilution method identified significant FA like 9- octadecenoic acid with 7.09% for hexane, 0.34% of 7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid for isopropanol, 1.22% of C18 unsaturated isomers for MTBE and 13.38% C18 unsaturated isomers for diethyl ether. The esterification method revealed a broader range of longchain fatty acids (LCFA) and improved chromatographic resolution. Prominent detections included 1.22% for heneicosanoic and tetracosanoic acids, hexadecanoic acid (3.89%) for isopropanol and 1.29% and 12.73% C18 unsaturated isomers for MTBE and diethyl ether. The method for detecting medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) and LCFA in palm biosolid has been validated, offering an eco-friendly, cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels for FA extraction. This research validates palm biosolid's viability as sustainable feedstock, minimizing environmental impact while enhancing industrial value and promoting global sustainability in palm oil production.